The air of ancient’s got to be addled with mystery!
Whether it is about the lifestyle of the ancient people, their food habits, or even their daily rituals. It is astonishing, to say the least, to try to gauge the nature of the spirituality of people who lived thousands of years ago; what they believed, and how they held up their faith.
Thousands of years ago, people on what is now the Danish island of Bornholm threw hundreds of mysteriously carved stones into a ditch before burying them.
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The purpose of these so-called ‘sunstones‘, and the reasons for throwing them into ditches en masse, have been something of a mystery till now.
However, ancient ice excavated from Greenland might have found the answer to quench the curiosity around those stones.
The research has been published in Antiquity.
The unfolded mystery:
Some 4,900 years ago, a volcano erupted so massively that it would have blotted out the Sun – prompting the ritual sacrifice of sunstones in a bid to restore it.
As per archaeologist Rune Iversen from the University of Copenhagen, “We have known for a long time that the Sun was the focal point for the early agricultural cultures we know of in Northern Europe. They farmed the land and depended on the Sun to bring home the harvest. If the Sun almost disappeared due to mist in the stratosphere for longer periods of time, it would have been extremely frightening for them.”
The sunstones:
Sunstones (‘solsten’ in Danish) have been found in great numbers at an archaeological site on Bornholm called Vasagård. The site, in use between around 3500 BCE and 2700 BCE, is thought to have been a religious complex; more specifically a place of Sun worship, as the entrances to the complex line up with the Sun at the time of the solstices.
Archaeologists have excavated more than 600 whole or fragmented sunstones, buried in ditches next to a causeway that runs through the site. These are mostly palm-sized, usually flat, rounded stones that are engraved with lines that radiate out from the center, like the rays of the Sun, although there is some variation in the shape of the stone and the patterns engraved upon them.
All these sunstones exhibit elaborate carvings that would have taken hours upon hours of painstaking hard work. According to archaeologists, such deliberate work must have had a purpose, and they believe that this purpose was spiritual, concerning the Sun, fertility, and growth.
As per Iverson, “Sun stones were found in large quantities at the Vasagård West site, where residents deposited them in ditches forming part of a causewayed enclosure together with the remains of ritual feasts in the form of animal bones, broken clay vessels, and flint objects around 2900 BCE. The ditches were subsequently closed.”
The clustering of these stones in time and space indicates a specific purpose or event.
As per Iversen and his colleagues, they have identified what that event might be in an ice core extracted from the Greenland ice sheet, annual sediment layers from ancient lakebeds, and tree rings that formed around the same time.
In the ice core, in a layer deposited around 2900 BCE, a significant amount of sulfate can be seen, a signature that is seen when a volcano massively erupts, and its ejecta settles onto an ice sheet and is buried by subsequent ice layers.
Annual sediment layers from Germany, known as varves, indicate two periods of low sunlight, with one significantly occurring around 2900 BCE. Tree ring data from bristlecone pines in the western US show very thin rings around the same period – associated with very cold, dry conditions.
The underlying connection:
It’s common knowledge that large enough volcanic eruptions can cause widespread problems for several years, such as a period of cooling, low sunlight, crop failure, and subsequent famine. All these lines of evidence, Iversen and his team believe, point to a connection between a volcanic event and the sunstones at Vasagård.
According to Iverson, “It is reasonable to believe that the Neolithic people on Bornholm wanted to protect themselves from further deterioration of the climate by sacrificing sun stones – or perhaps they wanted to show their gratitude that the Sun had returned again.”
There’s one more significant clue.
In the years following the deposition of the stones, the design of the site changed significantly. At the same time, plague ravaged the region, and the culture was undergoing a major shift as mass migration took place across Europe. If the devastation wrought by a volcanic eruption had come and gone, and with other large changes happening, it’s not a large leap to infer that the changing needs of the locals led to the rejigging of their gathering space.
Iverson adds, “After the sacrifice of the sun stones, the residents changed the structure of the site so that instead of sacrificial ditches it was provided with extensive rows of palisades and circular cult houses. We do not know why, but it is reasonable to believe that the dramatic climatic changes they had been exposed to would have played a role in some way.”
